Future EU vehicle emissions regulations: - Principles and requirements for real-world emissions – - Status of on-going activities – committees - SUN Conference September 2012, Ann Arbor, USA
Pierre Bonnel, Adolfo Perujo, Martin Weiss European Commission DG - Joint Research Centre (JRC) IET - Institute for Energy and Transport
Outline
• Background • Expectations of the legislators • Existing regulatory elements • Underlying principles for implementing real-world requirements
• Critical issues • On-going efforts
Background
• EU Air Quality Directives
• Persisting NO2 exceedances in urban areas despite more stringent emissions standards
• Main contributor is road transport, significant deviations between actual and expected NOx emissions
• Strategy for climate and GHG emissions • Long term vision for transport in Europe - 2011 Transport White Paper:
• 60% CO2 reduction over the 1990 levels by 2050 • Halve the use of ‘conventionally fuelled’ cars in urban transport by 2030; phase them out in cities by 2050
Expectations of the legislators
• To have clean vehicles on the road and not only in the test cell
• To improve the ability to measure and quantify the real life emissions
• To push for an optimized design of emissions control technologies within the normal operating conditions
• To introduce cost-efficient1 regulatory tools, able to cope with the upcoming technologies and limiting the use of defeat devices/strategies
Existing regulatory elements
• EURO VI 582/2011 & 64/2012: In-Service Conformity and type approval for heavy-duty engines, based on real-world vehicle testing with portable measuring equipment (PEMS)
• Verifies conformity of heavy-duty engines on vehicles during normal driving – at type approval and during their normal life (“In-Service”)
• Does not explicitly include to ‘real-world’ emissions requirements but provides a functional and performance check of the emissions control technologies
Underlying principles (1)
• Range of applicable normal vehicle operating conditions
• Ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure • Vehicle/engine condition (cold/hot) and usage (e.g. speed, acceleration, engine power)
• Testing
• Under real on-road driving conditions with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) as ‘golden’ method
Underlying principles (2)
• Data evaluation rules1
• Suitable averaging principles and statistics need to be developed due to variability of conditions within a test and longer test durations than for the conventional laboratory tests.
• Not To Exceed principle
• Vehicle/engine need to comply within the range of predefined operating conditions
• Decisions made from sound statistical methods and samples of vehicles/engines
Critical issues
• Portable instrumentation for light-duty vehicles
• Power consumption, size and weight acceptable for heavy-duty vehicles
• Equipment needs to be smaller for light-duty vehicles
• Definition of boundary conditions in which the real- world requirements must be fulfilled
• Engine/vehicle development processes will become more challenging1
On-going efforts (HDE)
• Heavy-Duty Engines In-Service Conformity: • Review of Euro VI PEMS In-Service Conformity procedures (practicability, implementation) by the end of 2014
• PEMS PM Instrumentation evaluation exercise completed: instrumentation requirements proposed
• PEMS PM Pilot Program (Industry run program)
Real Driving Emissions: • Assessment of existing requirements to check whether they ensure that EURO VI+ engines are sufficiently clean. Attention paid to urban and low load operation.
On-going efforts (HDE PEMS PM)
• PEMS PM Instrumentation evaluation program
• Total PM + Real-time sensor whose integrated signal is scaled by the total mass
• Requirements proposed for gravimetric and real-time PM measurements
• Instrumentation for gravimetric measurements (e.g. proportional dilution, sampling, filters) mostly aligned with existing laboratory standards
• Real-time sensors key measurement performance is a particle penetration rate at a given particle size (e.g. limiting the influence of ultra-fine particles
On-going efforts (LDV)
• Light-Duty Vehicles Real Driving Emissions (RDE): • Development of procedures (PEMS and laboratory random cycle) by the end of 2013.
• Joint effort EU authorities and industry • Implementation for Euro 6 vehicles, calendar and implementation measures (e.g. sampling of vehicles, administrative aspects) not officially agreed.
On-going efforts (NRMM)
• Non-Road Mobile Machinery Engines In-Service Conformity: • Pilot Program (Industry run program) to be completed by the end of 2012
• Implementation for Stage IV or V standards (under discussion) • Contributions from major EU and US engine manufacturers • Adaptation of heavy-duty procedures to NRMM • Equivalence with US methods being assessed