In-Use Emissions Testing Developments in the New and Future European Motor Vehicle Emissions Regulations Dr. Alessio Provenza Dr. Pierre Bonnel, Dr. Martin Weiss, Dr. Adolfo Perujo European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit Via Enrico Fermi, 2749 - 21027 Ispra (VA) - Italy Contents 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Background 4. Principles 5. On-going developments History
Emissions regulations are and should remain a core policy instrument to check and limit the environmental and health impact of vehicles.
Regulations moves towards the control of GHG emissions limit global warming.
The EU regulates energy consumptions and emission of road transport with a comprehensive legislative framework developed in the last 35 years.
Move from laboratory environment with specified conditions (engine/vehicle test cycles) towards emissions as they occur during vehicle operations.
Using portable instruments (PEMS) has made this shift possible.
First introduced to verify the conformity of HD engines with emission limits during normal life. (EURO VI heavy-duty engines (Commission Regulation 582/2011, Protocols for ISC in Annex II))
Using portable instruments (PEMS) to check the emissions avoids the extraction of the engines from machines, check functionality of the emissions control technologies and an implicit protection against defeat strategies. History
End 90s until 2003: US-EPA first rules and preliminary instrumentation developments In Europe:
2004-2005: Feasibility of PEMS to check the conformity of heavy- duty engines
2007 to 2008: Heavy-Duty PEMS Pilot program
2011: PEMS based In-Service Conformity provisions for the HD EURO VI standards (Regulation 582/2011 also applicable for EURO V engines, amended by Regulation 64/2012*)
2010(-2012): Non-Road Mobile Machinery PEMS Pilot program
2012: Working group on Real Driving Emissions of Light Duty Vehicles * Includes PEMS demonstration tests on prototype vehicles History Emission Standards
Main elements:
type approval conformity of production in-service tests
Type approval: regulated pollutant emissions meet the applicable limits
Conformity of production: ensures that all products of a type are in compliance with type approval specifications.
In-service tests: ensure that the real products are compliant while they are in use during their normal life. Assessing the in-use emissions performance:
• In the laboratory, using conventional facilities (chassis dynamometer or engine test cell): spots checks can be conducted on cycles addressing specific situations or random cycles.
• During the real-world operation with PEMS (in-use), provided that: 1. The experiments provide accurate data (Instrumentation) 2. The evaluation method has the ability to properly assess the emissions performance. Principles for In-Use (PEMS) Data Evaluation
Exclusion of data outside the applicable ambient and engine/vehicle conditions
Averaging process (on sub-sets or ‘windows’)
Operation areas (thresholds) on the averaged data set
Not To Exceed principle (Within a given area, a percentage of the averaging window emissions cannot exceed a defined value)
HD ISC Engines Data Evaluation (1)
HD Engines Data Evaluation (2) Principles for In-Use (PEMS) Data Evaluation Power/ Speed Threshold Maximum allowed in area above threshold for a given percentage of the average emissions (windows) In-use average emissions under applicable conditions (defined by environmental and vehicle/engine conditionning) Average emissions Average engine power / vehicle speed
EU Heavy-Duty PEMS Pilot Program Heavy-Duty Engines In-Service Conformity (ISC) evaluation:
Exclusion of data outside the applicable conditions
Cold engine (based on coolant temperature)
Altitude (based on barometric pressure)
Ambient temperature
Moving Averaging Window
Reference quantity: Engine Work or CO2 mass emissions transient certification cycle
EURO V : European Transient Cycle (ETC)
EURO VI: World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC)
Exclusions of windows below the power threshold
20% of the maximum engine power
If less than 50% of the windows are valid, the threshold is decreased by steps of 1%
90% the windows must have a conformity factor lower than or equal to 1.5 On-going developments: Heavy-Duty
• Review of EURO VI ISC-PEMS procedures to be completed by end 2013
• Pilot program: Development of PM provisions, including the instrumentation requirements and the development of on-vehicle test protocol (organization phase, tentative launch summer/fall 2012)
• Adaptation of methods/rules to hybrids On-going developments: Non-Road
• Pilot Program until end 2012
• Implementation under discussion - Preparation of procedures for the Stage IV (entry in force 2014) and V standards Potential developments
Control of LDV Real-Driving Emissions (EURO 6-2014)
Validation of HDV CO2 emissions for type approval
Validation of HDV hybrid certification results (Hardware in the loop simulation, UN-ECE HILS )
Standards harmonization (e.g. EU & US PEMS data evaluation rules)
The JRC in its role of technical support to the policies of the EU has published several reports on the use of PEMS as ISC and RDE tool for HDV, NRMM and LDV
Thank you for your attention Joint Research Centre (JRC) IET - Institute for Energy and Transport Ispra – Italy Adolfo Perujo (xxxxxx.xxxxxx@xx.xxxxxx.xx) Pierre Bonnel (xxxxxx.xxxxxx@xxx.xx.xxxxxx.xx) Martin Weiss (xxxxxx.xxxxx@xxx.xx.xxxxxx.xx) Alessio Provenza (xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xxxxxx.xx) http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/